DNA Fingerprints
Re: DNA Fingerprints
1. Collection. Your sample might not have the DNA from the perp, but instead from someone else.
2. Contamination. If your sample is contaminated, you will have results from more than one person.
3. Provenance. Your sample got mislabelled or the results got mislabelled in the lab.
4. Legal machinations. Your perp can be guilty as all heck, but a gosh-darn sharp lawyer can convince a group of science-ignorant jurors that maybe someone else committed the crime anyway.
Re: DNA Fingerprints
A common procedure for DNA fingerprinting is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). A newer method known as short tandem repeats (STR) analyzes DNA segments for the number of repeats at 13 specific DNA sites. The chance of misidentification in this procedure is one in several billion. Yet another process, polymerase chain reaction , is used to produce multiple copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as little as 50 molecules), enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a single hair. A nonmatch is conclusive, but the technique provides less certainty when a match occurs. First developed in the mid-1980s, DNA fingerprinting has been accepted in most courts in the United States, and has in several notable instances been used to exonerate or free persons convicted of crimes. DNA fingerprinting is generally regarded as a reliable forensic tool when properly done, but some scientists have called for wider sampling of human DNA to insure that the segments analyzed are indeed highly variable for all ethnic and racial groups.
Re: DNA Fingerprints
Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) are found in the nucleotides of a DNA strand. When there is a pattern of two or more nucleotides that is repeated, and the repeated patterns are directly adjacent to each other (CATCATCAT) this is a VNTR. These VNTR show up when used in gel electrophoresis, and this outcome can be used to compare DNA samples.
Re: DNA Fingerprints
iheateroo wrote:
What are the faults in DNA fingerprinting?
VNTRs, because they are results of genetic inheritance, are not distributed evenly across all of human population. A given VNTR cannot, therefore, have a stable probability of occurrence; it will vary depending on an individual's genetic background. The difference in probabilities is particularly visible across racial lines. Some VNTRs that occur very frequently among Hispanics will occur very rarely among Caucasians or African-Americans. Currently, not enough is known about the VNTR frequency distributions among ethnic groups to determine accurate probabilities for individuals within those groups; the heterogeneous genetic composition of interracial individuals, who are growing in number, presents an entirely new set of questions. Further experimentation in this area, known as population genetics, has been surrounded with and hindered by controversy, because the idea of identifying people through genetic anomalies along racial lines comes alarmingly close to the eugenics and ethnic purification movements of the recent past, and, some argue, could provide a scientific basis for racial discrimination.